MEDITATION - ENERGY BLOCKAGES ARE THE CAUSE OF THE PSYCHOPATH, THE SCHIZOPHRENIC, AND MANIC DEPRESSIVES

Here I am today, sitting down, putting pen down on paper whilst gathering my thoughts on the amazing Energy Enhancement Course that I am currently on. Where do I begin? Firstly, I felt it would be great to share my experiences of the Energy Enhancement course with other like-minded people. The following information is for those interested in growing spiritually, and wanting this world to become a better place - starting from improving themselves!

If you like these articles and others

you may well enjoy the Energy Enhancement Home Study Course,

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75% are PSYCHOPATHS, - Thieves, Murderers, Torturers and their Accomplices!

"A man has blockages like a dog has fleas" Ancient saying.

To illustrate the point here are FIVE sections on this page.

0. PROLOGUE - The Energy Enhancement dissertation on Energy Blockages as the cause of Psychopathy. Energy Enhancement teaches the techniques to remove these blockages and solve a World Psychopathic Problem, thus creating ONE HARMONIOUS ENLIGHTENED WORLD.

1. MURDERERS - Total, 200 millions of people murdered, genocided, tortured, starved to death this 20th century WITH EXAMPLES PSYCHOPATHS STALIN, HITLER, AND MAO.

2. THIEVES, Psychopaths in charge of Multinational Companies. THIEVES, Snakes in suits Spot the true psychopath among the sharks in your office. HERE ARE SOME facts: Andrew Fastow, formerly of Enron, stands accused by an American court of taking $30 million in kickbacks from the company while its shareholders lost more than $70 billion. And more.....

3. ACCOMPLICES, - The Compensated Psychopath. "I like following orders!" - Monty Pythons Life of Brian. Compensated psychopaths have played significant parts in society and in history. All the Nazi functionaries who administered the concentration camps and supervised the destruction of thousands and thousands of human beings; all of Stalin's subordinates who, during the time of the Soviet purges, directed the arrests, torture and deaths of 65 millions of individuals; all of Mao's minions who so efficiently effected the disappearance, torture and death of large portions, 35 millions of the Chinese population - certainly all of these people were compensated psychopaths, accomplices.

4. TORTURERS - At this moment 128 countries, according to Amnesty International, use torture as a means of repression and control. THERE ARE MANY EXAMPLES.

It is the considered opinion of Energy Enhancement that more than 75% of the general population are Psychopaths, - Thieves, Murderers, Torturers and their Accomplices with the potential to do tremendous damage when given the opportunity! This is not only the one or two percent of real psychopaths, but also the accomplices, the vast majority of people who if ordered to help the guys in charge, DO IT!! And these accomplices are the vast majority of all the people in varying degrees.

Scientifically and historically we can see the problem.

This is a world problem and is in need of solution.

It is not possible for revolution or war to change the above as it plays into the hands of the psychopaths in charge and historically has always made matters worse as the law falls into disarray.

"War always reinforces the central power at the expense of the people." Simone Weil

No, the solution to all this, what we need, is the removal of blockages through Energy Enhancement techniques particularly in the heart, above the head and then in the base PROCESSOR FUNCTION in order to solve the situation, otherwise this world is headed for more disaster.

What we need is One Harmonious Enlightened World...

JOIN IN OUR VISION OF ONE ENLIGHTENED HARMONIOUS WORLD.

SPEED UP THE PROCESS OF ENLIGHTENMENT

TRANSMUTE AND DISSOLVE ALL TRAUMA AND NEGATIVE ENERGY

REMOVE Traumas due to Pain from Anger, Depression, Divorce, Bereavement, Addiction, Drugs, Impotence, Multisexual problems, Rape and Sex, Heart Disease and Cancer.

With the Energy Enhancement DVD or Online Meditation Course we can learn how to Transmute Aches and Pains, Traumatic Emotional Memories and Negative Thoughts. With Energy Enhancement Ground Negative Energies and learn The Mastery of Relationships, Increase your Good Luck, Happiness and Purpose.

75% ARE PSYCHOPATHS, SCHIZOPHRENIC, AND MANIC DEPRESSIVE.

CAN YOU SEE EVEN A LITTLE OF THIS IRRATIONALITY IN YOURSELF?

THE SOLUTION TO THIS WORLD PROBLEM IS ENERGY ENHANCEMENT.

ENERGY ENHANCEMENT GIVES ANCIENT, ADVANCED AND SUCCESSFUL TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMOVAL OF ALL ENERGY BLOCKAGES CAUSING ALL PSYCHOPATHIC TRAITS, ON THE PATH OF ENLIGHTENMENT.

FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL BEINGS.

FOR ONE HARMONIOUS ENLIGHTENED WORLD.

"Until we wise up" - from the movie, Magnolia.

Many hundreds of years ago there was a Mother who had Four children. She was alone and needed help. She prayed for help and asked an enlightened Sufi Master for advice. He came and pronounced the work for all of the Children. One he said to become his servant. The other to join the army. The other to become a shopkeeper and the last to help all the others.

Over the years the boy who joined the army progressed, became heroic, won many battles and became a General under the King. The Boy who became a shopkeeper became very successful, bought many large shops and became very rich. He was supported by his brother who helped him manage the businesses and left him free to start many other businesses.

Everyone in the family was so happy with the Sufi master that they gave him a place in the family, gave him many gifts and consulted him regularly.

At last the boy who was the servant to the Sufi Master became Enlightened. He asked him how he knew which occupation to give to himself and his brothers.

The Master said it was easy. He looked into their past lives and saw that the one who joined the army had a predisposition to becoming a murderer. The one who became a businessman shopkeeper had a past life predisposition to being a thief. And the one who helped the Business brother had no soul, would only do what he was told and so for many lifetimes had been the other brothers Accomplice in their murdering and thievery. He liked following orders. Any other occupation and they would have been put in jail and executed.

The Sufi Master said that the boy who was the servant had the best chance of Enlightenment because he was an older soul, had much experience in the occupations of the others in past lifetimes and because of that had seen deeply that these occupations always failed. Always there were people competing for the same things. Ultimately the General was defeated and the Businessman became bankrupt. Ultimately, even if able to hold onto your gains, "You can't take it with you.", Death came along and took everything. Life after Life!!!

For this reason the Servant of the MASTER was the only one who stood the chance of enlightenment. And even with that predisposition, with bad teaching he would never reach his goal. Unless humble and able to find a Master , normally he would become an unenlightened Priest and become One of the Blind, leading the Blind, another accomplice of the murderer and the thieves. That is why he needed the help of the Sufi Master and that is why he had kept him close, within his Buddhafield and removed many of his blockages.

This story comes from a Sufi Tale many hundreds of years old. It tells the truth about you and humanity. It tells the truth about the Law of Manu and the caste System of India and the Four Castes

My master, Swami Satchidananda knew all of this. They asked him about the Rulers of the World. "You are a famous man, you have shaken the hands of all these leaders and Prime Ministers. Just what do you think of them?"

First of all he said that it was very dangerous to speak of these people or even mention their names.

If you had an election for the leader of the council in a town and 75% of the people in this town were thieves, murderers and their accomplices, just what sort of a person would they elect?

Energy Enhancement says that the Ancient and successful techniques of Energy Enhancement, techniques which produced the Buddha, Jesus Christ and Mahomet, can remove the Energy Blockages which produce:-

Psychopaths or people blocked in the Heart and above the Crown PROCESSOR FUNCTION, blocking them from their souls. Only heartless and soulless people can do the things below. See Hitler, Stalin, Mao and Pol Pot below.

Manic Depressives whose multiple emotional personalities create negative emotions within their minds, see Napoleon and Hitler below.

Schizophrenics or multiple personalities whose many split intellectual parts (In computer speak, virtual machines) each take control of their minds (The Computer), including the inner child and strategies of the Violator and Poor Me, mirroring intellectually the emotional component of the Manic Depressive. See Stalin and Hitler below.

Because 200 Millions of people (See below) have been tortured, starved and murdered by these psychopathic leaders and accomplices this century. Because these psychopathic heartless and soulless people corrupt the business and legislature of every country in the world now....

Those people who want to be cured of their psychopathic Energy Blockages and thus become part of the solution should try out Energy Enhancement by Video or in person, now!!

To my mind, few people have brought up the similarity between existentialists and Psychopaths.

Existentialists admire most those traits which are psychopathic. Courage, lack of fear, lack of empathy, no conscience, a "fuck them' revengeful attitude.

He described the problems of both East and West as "a disaster" rooted in agnosticism and atheism. He referred to it as "the calamity of an autonomous, irreligious humanistic consciousness. It has made man the measure of all things on earth—imperfect man, who is never free of pride, self-interest, envy, vanity, and dozens of other defects. We are now paying for the mistakes which were not properly appraised at the beginning of the journey. On the way from the Renaissance to our days we have enriched our experience, but we have lost the concept of a Supreme Complete Entity which used to restrain our passions and our irresponsibility." - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

The psychopathic sexual addict, Don Juan, has found his defenders in our time. The Existentialist philosopher Camus finds in Don Juan something of an existentialist hero, a natural (or absurd) man: He says, "This life gratifies his every wish, and nothing is worse than losing it. This madman is a great wise man. . . . Why should he give himself a problem in morality?. . . How easy it is to understand why the men of God call down punishment on his head. He achieves a knowledge without illusions which negates everything they profess. Loving and possessing, conquering and consuming--that is his way of knowing."

An existentialist is a person cut off, blocked, from their soul and from their heart, living in a flat, intellectual drab wasteland devoid of meaning. And it is only the heart and the soul which give life meaning and significance, not the intellect.

If we consider that human beings have many functions. If any of the functions are blocked, do not work, then we become less. Autism sometimes involves the function of speech - the speech part of their brain is broken - and these types become frustrated and angry because they cannot communicate and this is sometimes overcome by learning how to write instead in order to communicate. Here we are saying that in psychopaths the functions which do not work, which are blocked, are the heart empathy and soul conscience, and thus psychopaths become less than fully human because empathy and conscience will not allow a true human being to kill, "Thou shalt not kill" is a refrain shouted from Christianity. Thou shalt not give pain to any other person by word, thought or deed is spoken about in the Vedas. A true human undersatnds this instinctively because they have the functions of heart empathy and soul conscience. They feel shame when they go against these instincts thus "Post Traumatic Stress Disorder". A psychopath never feels any shame at what he has done.

Thus when we say that all humanity are wolf children, that autism is general in society and includes not only speach but also empathy and conscience then we are stating the problem. The solution of course is to recognise this and to test - With the feedback of psychologists we can test for psychopathy as we would for SAT scores or IQ Testing and also any other lack of function, before anyone is allowed to run for any political office.

Energy Enhancement can help to overcome or rehabilitate these functional lacks so that we can become fully human.

Now Camus is an existentialist and admired the lack of conscience and empathy in people like the fictional figure Don Juan and yet he could not cut it because he himself felt shame, but his intellectual function said that because there is no Meaning or Significance - both of these are soul functions - to anything for a person blocked in or above the crown PROCESSOR FUNCTION, Camus said, "The only thing we have to decide is how to commit suicide!"

Existentialists believe in enlightened self interest because this is a rule they can understand and follow, not because it is right.

A existentialist psychopath cannot understand words like the soul conscience and the heart sympathy, it is another paradigm because in Energy Enhancement terminology, in them the soul antahkarana above the crown chakra is cut off and the heart center is blocked, it is impossible for them to understand the soul and the heart. Like a psychopath they can only pretend and fake it.

Energy Enhancement teaches that human beings have seven PROCESSOR FUNCTIONS or energy centers in their bodies which act as processors in the human parallel processing super computer, and in that computer only one processor, the brow PROCESSOR FUNCTION is intellectual. Other processors handle courage, creativity, empathy and the conscience and if some of those PROCESSOR FUNCTIONS are cut off or blocked, then psychopaths, schizophrenics and manic depressives are the result.

Don Juan likes many short term conquest relationships as if searching for yet never finding his mother or sexually addicted (second PROCESSOR FUNCTION blockages) has no fear (no blockages in the Base PROCESSOR FUNCTION), no empathy (Heart PROCESSOR FUNCTION blocked), no conscience (Crown PROCESSOR FUNCTION blocked). In him, some PROCESSOR FUNCTION computers are blocked and some, Intellect (Brow PROCESSOR FUNCTION unblocked), Courage (Solar Plexus PROCESSOR FUNCTION Unblocked) so we can admire his good points yet despise his bad points.

If you are blocked in the base PROCESSOR FUNCTION then you will have money problems, have poverty consciousness and will follow orders. If you are blocked in the Base PROCESSOR FUNCTION then you will have fear and thus will follow the law, yet if you have no conscience you will still be a potential psychopath.

Given permission by the army to kill in times of war you will kill. See Kubricks Movie, Full Metal Jacket about how "Normal" people are turned into killing machines by the army in the Vietnam war.

Fearful people follow the Law of Moses, graven in stone. When fear is gone and heart and conscience function, are unblocked, then we have the new law of Jesus Christ, The Law of Love, when people cannot hurt one another.

To make you less of a psychopath, Energy Enhancement gives advanced techniques for removing energy blockages in all the PROCESSOR FUNCTIONS including the heart and above the head, thus connecting you with your heart and your soul!!

"For those who believe in Enlightenment and understand the Urgency of the situation" Gautama Buddha on Energy Enhancement.

Each Chakra acts as a computer processor, has a function and only one PROCESSOR FUNCTION is intellectual.

All the PROCESSOR FUNCTIONS are needed to be truly human. PROCESSOR FUNCTIONS are blocked in most people.

Below the Base PROCESSOR FUNCTION blocked, No Energy and Vitality, usually no money, a Slave, de - feeted, likes to follow orders and laws, the accomplice the Shudra. Unblocked, A good or evil Master

Base Blocked. Psychopathic Blockage. Fear, If with money then issues - a miser or will do anything including using banks and armies to get and hang onto money, resources and property. Lack of security, willingness to kill if threatened, impotence an issue. Fear of Death. unblocked. no fear, rich, secure, potent, generous - The Secret of Abundance.

Abdomen Blocked, always wanting a new conquest, addicted to relationships and sex, wanting attention, short term relationships, bad relationships unblocked, good healthy long term relationships.

Solar plexus, Blocked no power, courage and energy. Illness and disease. unblocked much power, courage and energy, healthy.

Heart, Blocked Psychopathic Blockage. no empathy, no external consideration which is a Gurdjieffian term which means, no ability to imagine yourself in another persons place. unblocked much empathy and compassion.

Brow, intellect Blocked not intelligent unblocked powerful intellect and ability for good or evil depending on empathy and conscience.

Crown, Blocked Psychopathic Blockage. no conscience, no guilt, no shame unblocked Conscience.

Above the Crown Blocked Psychopathic Blockage. lack of knowing and wisdom, controlled by psychopathic energies and inner children, schizophrenia. Unblocked They just Know right, wrong, everything,- Luck, Wisdom and Higher Path in Life however if base PROCESSOR FUNCTION blocked then these ascenders live in the imagination and have no ability to make it happen; in Gurdjieffian terms, no power of doing..

The PROCESSOR FUNCTIONS above the Crown PROCESSOR FUNCTION Exist lifetime after lifetime whilst the body dies and thus are in charge of Immortality. Soul. Intelligence in charge of you if you are listening (for the still small voice). Repository many lifetimes of experience. Can have many bodies in existence at the same time. Monad. Intelligence in charge of a Group of Souls perhaps 50,000 people. Logos. Intelligence in charge of every living thing on this Planet. Sirius. Sacred Sun. Intelligence in charge of the evolution of this Planet and many others. Avatar of Synthesis. Intelligence in charge of the evolution of the Sacred Suns but with direct contact also on this Planet at the moment. After that is an infinity of levels consisting of Evolution and order itself.

Blockages above the Crown PROCESSOR FUNCTION Major Psychopathic Blockages. cut you off from conscience and can be implanted by others or purposefully put themselves in by those people afraid of death. The higher the blockage above the crown PROCESSOR FUNCTION then the more energy bodies and the more energy and the more power to do bad things, is available for use by the blocked person.

As above, so below. Blockages above are mirrored in the PROCESSOR FUNCTION below. Base to Head Initiation 3, Abdomen to Throat Initiation 2. Solar plexus to Heart Initiation 1 - see Energy Enhancement E-Book for more on the Three Initiations of Enlightenment.

Psychopathic Blockages are in the Crown PROCESSOR FUNCTION and Heart PROCESSOR FUNCTION. The more of these blockages you have, the more of a psychopath you are. In addition,

A cursory look in Google under "psychopath" the new name for demon, brought forth these gems.... I have divided the sections into Murderers, Thieves, Accomplices and Torturers.

Kurt Vonnegut, author of Mother Night and Cats Cradle

Interview with novelist Kurt Vonnegut, "In These Times," by its editor, Joel Bleifuss, Feb.4 2003:

He said ''our country.. has been taken over by the sleaziest, low-comedy, Keystone Cops-style. coup d'etat imaginable Those in charge now of the federal government are..most frighteningly, psychopathic personalities." (600) .

Illegitemi non carborundum
By Joel Bleifuss | 1.27.03
Kurt Vonnegut vs. the !&#*!@

In November, Kurt Vonnegut turned 80. He published his first novel, Player Piano, in 1952 at the age of 29. Since then he has written 13 others, including Slaughterhouse Five, which stands as one of the pre-eminent anti-war novels of the 20th century.

As war against Iraq looms, I asked Vonnegut, a reader and supporter of this magazine, to weigh in. Vonnegut is an American socialist in the tradition of Eugene Victor Debs, a fellow Hoosier whom he likes to quote: “As long as there is a lower class, I am in it. As long as there is a criminal element, I am of it. As long as there is a soul in prison, I am not free.”

—Joel Bleifuss

You have lived through World War II, Korea, Vietnam, the Reagan wars, Desert Storm, the Balkan wars and now this coming war in Iraq. What has changed, and what has remained the same?

One thing which has not changed is that none of us, no matter what continent or island or ice cap, asked to be born in the first place, and that even somebody as old as I am, which is 80, only just got here. There were already all these Genghis Khan and Banking games going on when I got here. … An apt motto for any polity anywhere, to put on its state seal or currency or whatever, might be this quotation from the late baseball manager Casey Stengel, who was addressing a team of losing professional athletes: “Can’t anybody here play this game?”

My daughter Lily, for an example close to home, who has just turned 20, finds herself—as does George W. himself a kid—an heir to a shockingly recent history of human slavery, to an AIDS epidemic and to nuclear submarines slumbering on the floors of fjords in Iceland and elsewhere, crews prepared at a moment’s notice to turn industrial quantities of men, women and children into radioactive soot and bone meal by means of rockets and H-bomb warheads. And to the choice between liberalism or conservatism and on and on.

What is radically new in 2003 is that my daughter, along with our leader and other leaders and on and on, has inherited technologies whose byproducts, whether in war or peace, are rapidly destroying the whole planet as a breathable, drinkable system for supporting life of any kind. Human beings, past and present, have trashed the joint.

Based on what you’ve read and seen in the media, what is not being said in the mainstream press about leaders, policies and the impending wars of scarcity.

That they are nonsense.

My feeling from talking to readers and friends is that many people are beginning to despair. Do you think that we’ve lost reason to hope?

I myself feel that our country, for whose Constitution I fought in a just war, might as well have been invaded by Martians and body snatchers. Sometimes I wish it had been. What has happened, though, is that it has been taken over by means of the sleaziest, low-comedy, Keystone Cops-style coup d’etat imaginable. And those now in charge of the federal government are upper-crust C-students who know no history or geography, plus not-so-closeted white supremacists, aka “Christians,” and plus, most frighteningly, psychopathic personalities, or “PPs.”

To say somebody is a PP is to make a perfectly respectable medical diagnosis, like saying he or she has appendicitis or athlete’s foot. The classic medical text on PPs is The Mask of Sanity by Dr. Hervey Cleckley. Read it! PPs are presentable, they know full well the suffering their actions may cause others, but they do not care. They cannot care because they are nuts. They have a screw loose!

And what syndrome better describes so many executives at Enron and WorldCom and on and on, who have enriched themselves while ruining their employees and investors and country, and who still feel as pure as the driven snow, no matter what anybody may say to or about them? And so many of these heartless PPs now hold big jobs in our federal government, as though they were leaders instead of sick.

What has allowed so many PPs to rise so high in corporations, and now in government, is that they are so decisive. Unlike normal people, they are never filled with doubts, for the simple reason that they cannot care what happens next. Simply can’t. Do this! Do that! Mobilize the reserves! Privatize the public schools! Attack Iraq! Cut health care! Tap everybody’s telephone! Cut taxes on the rich! Build a trillion-dollar missile shield! fuck habeas corpus and the Sierra Club and In These Times, and kiss my ass!

How have you gotten involved in the anti-war movement? And how would you compare the movement against a war in Iraq with the anti-war movement of the Vietnam era?

When it became obvious what a dumb and cruel and spiritually and financially and militarily ruinous mistake our war in Vietnam was, every artist worth a damn in this country, every serious writer, painter, stand-up comedian, musician, actor and actress, you name it, came out against the thing. We formed what might be described as a laser beam of protest, with everybody aimed in the same direction, focused and intense. This weapon proved to have the power of a banana-cream pie three feet in diameter when dropped from a stepladder five-feet high.

And so it is with anti-war protests in the present day. Then as now, TV did not like anti-war protesters, nor any other sort of protesters, unless they rioted. Now, as then, on account of TV, the right of citizens to peaceably assemble, and petition their government for a redress of grievances, “ain’t worth a pitcher of warm spit,” as the saying goes.

As a writer and artist, have you noticed any difference between how the cultural leaders of the past and the cultural leaders of today view their responsibility to society?

Responsibility to which society? To Nazi Germany? To the Stalinist Soviet Union?

And leaders in what particular cultural activity? I guess you mean the fine arts. I hope you mean the fine arts. ... Anybody practicing the fine art of composing music, no matter how cynical or greedy or scared, still can’t help serving all humanity. Music makes practically everybody fonder of life than he or she would be without it. Even military bands, although I am a pacifist, always cheer me up.

But that is the power of ear candy. The creation of such a universal confection for the eye, by means of printed poetry or fiction or history or essays or memoirs and so on, isn’t possible. Literature is by definition opinionated. It is bound to provoke the arguments in many quarters, not excluding the hometown or even the family of the author. Any ink-on-paper author can only hope at best to seem responsible to small groups or like-minded people somewhere. He or she might as well have given an interview to the editor of a small-circulation publication.

Maybe we can talk about the responsibilities to their societies of architects and sculptors and painters another time. And I will say this: TV drama, although not yet classified as fine art, has on occasion performed marvelous services for Americans who want us to be less paranoid, to be fairer and more merciful. M.A.S.H. and Law and Order, to name only two shows, have been stunning masterpieces in that regard.

That said, do you have any ideas for a really scary reality TV show?

“C students from Yale.” It would stand your hair on end.

What targets would you consider fair game for a satirist today?

Assholes.

MURDERERS Total, 200 millions of people murdered, genocided, tortured, starved this 20th century

"War always reinforces the central power at the expense of the people." Simone Weil

Slouching Towards Utopia?: The Economic History of the Twentieth Century -IV. Genocide-

J. Bradford DeLong, University of California at Berkeley and NBER, January 1997

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Magnitude of Twentieth Century Genocide
Origins of Twentieth Century Genocide
Communism and Nazism
Economic Ideology and Political Murder

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Deaths as a result of military operations in this century have been horrific enough: In the twentieth century governments and their soldiers have killed perhaps forty million people in war --either soldiers unlucky enough to have been drafted into the mass armies of the twentieth century, or civilians killed in the course of operations that generals could claim were directed at reducing the enemy's war-making potential.

But wars caused less than a third of the twentieth century’s violent death toll.

Governments and their police have killed perhaps eighty million, perhaps one hundred and sixty million more people in time of peace. Class enemies, race enemies, political enemies, economic enemies, imagined enemies have all been slaughtered. You name them, governments have killed them. And governments have killed them on a scale that could not previously have been imagined. If the twentieth century has seen the growth of material wealth on a previously-inconceivable scale, it has also seen human slaughter at a previously-unimaginable rate.

Total, 200 millions of people murdered, tortured, starved this 20th century

"They just don't care about us" M. Jackson

[Picture: left–Nuremberg rally, 1934; right–Tien an Men Square]

Call those political leaders whose followers and supporters have slaughtered more than ten million of their fellow humans "members of the Ten-Million Club." All pre-twentieth century history may (but may not) have seen two members of the Ten-Million Club: Genghis Khan, ruler of the twelfth century Mongols, launcher of bloody invasions of Central Asia and China, and founder of China's Yuan Dynasty; and Hong Xiuquan, the mid-nineteenth-century Chinese intellectual whose visions convinced him that he was Jesus Christ’s younger brother and who launched the Taiping Rebellion that turned south-central China into a slaughterhouse for decades in the middle of the nineteenth century. Other PSYCHOPATHS do not make the list. Napoleon does not make it, and neither does Alexander the Great or Julius Caesar.

By contrast the twentieth century has seen perhaps five people join the Ten Million Club: Adolf Hitler, Chiang Kaishek, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong. Hitler, Stalin, and Mao have credentials that may well make them the charter members of the Thirty Million Club as well–perhaps the Fifty Million Club. A regime whose hands are as bloody as those of the Suharto regime in Indonesia–with perhaps 450,000 communists, suspected communists, and others in the wrong place at the wrong time dead at its creation in 1965, and perhaps 150,000 inhabitants of East Timor dead since the Indonesian annexation in the mid-1970s–barely makes the twentieth century's top twenty list of civilian-massacring regimes.

Civilians Killed by Governments in the Twentieth Century: Top Twenty Regimes

Location (Regime) Deaths Era

Soviet Union (Communists, Stalin etc) 61,900,000 1917-1990
China (Communists, Mao etc) 35,200,000 1949-present
Germany (Nazi Third Reich, Hitler) 20,900,000 1933-1945
China (Kuomintang) 10,400,000 1928-1949
Japan (Imperial-Fascist) 6,000,000 1936-1945
China (Communist Guerrillas) 3,500,000 1923-1948
Cambodia (Communists) 2,000,000 1975-1979
Turkey ("Young Turks") 1,900,000 1909-1917
Vietnam (Communists) 1,700,000 1945-present
North Korea (Communists) 1,700,000 1948-present
Poland (Communists) 1,600,000 1945-1948
Pakistan (Yahya Khan) 1,500,000 1971
Mexico (Porfiriato) 1,400,000 1900-1920
Yugoslavia (Communists) 1,100,000 1944-1990
Russia (Czarist) 1,100,000 1900-1917
Turkey (Mustafa Kemal "Ataturk") 900,000 1918-1923
United Kingdom (Constitutional) 800,000 1900-present
Portugal (Fascist, Salazar) 700,000 1926-1975
Spain (Fascist, Franco) 1,000,000 1926-1965
Croatia (Fascists) 700,000 1941-1945
Indonesia (Suharto) 600,000 1965-present

But the top twenty regimes have killed--roughly--156,000,000 civilians in this century in peacetime. Wars have been less than a quarter of this century's violent death toll. Far from the battlefront and in time of peace, governments in this century have bloody hands: class enemies, race enemies, political enemies, economic enemies, imagined enemies--you name it, governments have slaughtered them on a previously unimagined scale.

This chapter carries a dark, grim message: the boost to human productive, technological, and organizational powers seen in the twentieth century was truly value-neutral. The century that has seen the fastest economic growth and the richest human societies ever has also seen the greatest--and multiple--genocides. The greatest crimes of human history have been committed, and the greatest criminals of all time have lived, in the past hundred years.

The table above presents a few estimates from R.J. Rummel's Death by Government--a book that undertakes the grim task of attempting to roughly count up the violent death toll of the twentieth century. Rummel excludes from his count of genocide the deaths of soldiers in time of war, and the "incidental" deaths of civilians in time of war (that is, deaths that occurred as a consequence of what could be classified as military operations directed against enemy armed forces or war-making power: military exercises like the British night bombing of German cities during World War II are counted as episodes of genocide). Rummel's estimates of genocide are only of the people whom governments, in time of peace or far from the battlefront, have killed.

Some of the estimates are solid; some are shaky; some are wild guesses. Some are barely estimates at all: we know next to nothing of what has gone on in North Korea over the past fifty years, and Rummel's guess--he doesn't label it an "estimate"--is based on the projection that North Korea has been no better and now worse than similar countries with similar ideologies and similar degrees of self-imposed isolation.

I think some estimates are too high, and some are too low (I suspect Communist China and Nazi Germany should be switched). But Rummel's estimates are not without evidence, and on average I have no reason to believe that they are biased in any systematic way.

History's Terrible Troika

(Word to the wise: Be mindful of embracing Beethoven and Michelangelo and Lincoln and Churchill and others as kindred spirits lest you unwittingly include Napoleon and Hitler and Stalin in the same group hug.)

In 1994, D Jablow Hershman and Julian Lieb wrote an extremely controversial work, "A Brotherhood of Tyrants: Manic Depression and Absolute Power" (Prometheus), that examined this Terrible Troika in the context of their illness. The book is a companion to an earlier work on the lives of Newton, Beethoven, Dickens, and Van Gogh republished in 1999 as "Manic Depression and Creativity."

The "case files" on Napoleon and Hitler and Stalin read like a clinician’s worst nightmare: raging tempers, manic highs, grandiose and psychotic delusions, paranoia, extravagantly reckless behavior, gloomy depression, and contemptuous disregard for others - and this was when they were just kids. Had they been born into slightly different times and circumstances, they would have been bundled up and tossed into the darkest void and never heard from again, but to the great misfortune of humanity all three came of age in a time of top-to-bottom social upheaval. The lunatics had already taken over the asylum by the time these three arrived on the scene.

"Life has become a burden to me," Napoleon wrote as a young man, "for I no longer enjoy any pleasure and everything causes me pain." According to the authors, Napoleon’s depression immobilized him during his disastrous Russian campaign and later at Waterloo. But it was the grandiose delusions of his mania that were responsible for even thinking he could take on the Russians in the dead of winter and win, in the first place. Earlier in his career, he had lost an entire army in Egypt dreaming he could be an oriental potentate.

Hitler’s own personal physician diagnosed him as manic depressive. As a young man, he attempted suicide. In a manic moment, he made a premature bid for power (the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923), but depression incapacitated him at the crucial hour. His illness fed the delusion that he was Napoleon’s worthy heir, and like his idol he too lost an army in North Africa and committed the fatal error of waging a winter campaign in Russia. Unlike his idol, he was no military genius, and his units in the field paid in full measure.

Hitler’s adversary, Joseph Stalin, was equally incompetent and delusional, with both preferring to lose hundreds of thousands of troops in single campaigns to listening to their generals. The two dictators also shared a psychotic paranoia that resulted in the liquidation of tens of millions of innocents. Stalin's crimes against his own people as well as ethnic minorities equaled or surpassed Hitler's Holocaust. When war broke out, Stalin went into a prolonged depression that left the country leaderless as the armies of his German soul mate advanced almost unopposed to Moscow.

Our current understanding of mental illness has allowed us to probe the minds of the famous and notorious in ways that have previously eluded earlier biographers and historians. But the authors here tell only half the story by overlooking the obvious fact that each member of this Terrible Troika was a classic sociopath, OR PSYCHOPATH as well.

Human lives meant nothing to them as they lied and cheated and murdered their way to power. When tens of millions more were later lost in pursuit of their individual glory, they felt no more remorse than most people feel to squashing a cockroach. The authors constantly refer to this trait, but nowhere in the book do they mention the term sociopath or its DSM-IV designation as antisocial personality disorder.

The DSM-IV lists seven criteria for antisocial personality disorder:

Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest
Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure
Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults
Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations
Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another

What's missing from their criteria is the quality and quantity, the SHEER BADNESS of the sort of depraved behavior typical of a psychopath, but the DSM dropped that term from its lexicon years ago, leaving us to lump into the same category Hitler, Stalin, Napoleon, Jack the Ripper, Ted Bundy, your petty con man, the top tier at Enron, and the individual who takes 30 items into the six-item check-out lane and waits until everything is rung up before fishing into her handbag for her checkbook.

Add to that the fact that antisocial personality disorder falls into the DSM's far more nebulous and subjective "Axis II" disorders as opposed to bipolar's universally recognized "Axis I" status and you may have the reason - albeit a woefully inadequate one - why they authors failed to delve into the sociopathic/psychopathic side of history's Terrible Troika.

So add three more names to your famous bipolar people list, with great reluctance if you must, but also bear in mind that an illness alone cannot account for all of our actions and achievements, whether painting the Sistine Chapel or invading Poland.

© 2001 WorldNetDaily.com

China expert Steven Mosher has a fascinating insight into the Beijing Communists.

In his book, entitled "Hegemon," he says that Chairman Mao was steeped in the classics of a particular Chinese school of thought called "Legalism," which was the first systematic totalitarian ideology on earth. According to Mosher, Chairman Mao saw Marxism as a means to reinvigorate and modernize an ancient Chinese system of oppression.

In 221 BC the armies of Qin (pronounced "Ch'in," as in China) overran the forces of Qi -- the last independent state remaining at the time. Zheng became the First Sovereign Qin Emperor of the Middle Kingdom, instituting the tightest regimentation of society in Chinese history up until then. See the current movie "Hero" a Chinese Movie which shows how history is rewritten by the victors and celebrates the totalitarian Zheng and his victory over individualism.

Zheng and his toadies were the living models for the Chinese Legalist School. No doubt, Zheng and his entourage make Machiavelli look like a Sunday School teacher by comparison. Their cynicism and brutality are almost unmatched in the annals of human tyranny. Historian Arthur Cotterell wrote that "the bureaucratic form of government developed under the Qin monarchy became the model for future Chinese political organization."

As one might expect, Zheng's totalitarian machine earned criticism from China's traditionalist scholars and intellectuals who followed the humanist tradition of Confucius. "If this slander is not stopped," said Zheng's chief adviser, Li Si, "the imperial authority will decline." Therefore China's literature itself should be burned and destroyed. "All persons possessing works of literature and discussions of the philosophers should destroy them," ordered Li Si. "Those who have not destroyed them within 30 days after the issuing of the order are to be branded and work as convicts."

The only books to be spared destruction in ancient China, were books on medicine, agriculture and divination. The Qin emperor complimented Li Si on his brilliant plan. This burning would serve to keep the Chinese people ignorant and subservient. It would also prevent the "use of the past to discredit the present." After the Qin dynasty it would be understood that the control of history was essential to the control of the present and future. As George Orwell explained in "1984," he who controls the present, controls the past; he who controls the past, controls the future.

Or as the Chinese like to say, "History is a maiden. You can dress her up any way you like."

History is bunk - Henry Ford

It is also noteworthy that after the Qin emperor, a tradition developed among Chinese emperors. Each emperor would denounce the one that went before him. This may seem odd, but there is a definite logic at work in such practices. Denunciation of the past helps to preserve the regime of the present. If people think the present emperor is bad, they should be reminded (or taught) that the previous emperor was much worse. Therefore, the misrule of the present is always masked by the illumination of the past (unless the past is actually superior, in which case you burn the evidence).

One finds this same pattern at work in the USSR after Stalin's death. Stalin was denounced by his successor, Khrushchev. Then later Khrushchev was denounced by Brezhnev. Then in the late 1980s Brezhnev was denounced by Gorbachev. Under Yeltsin, as everyone knows, Gorbachev was denounced; and if the pattern holds, Putin will one day denounce Yeltsin (the denunciation of whom is already implied by Putin's return to open Soviet methods and symbols).

The totalitarian pattern replicates itself from generation to generation within the body politic. It is like a disease for which there is hardly a cure. Countries remain ill with this disease for centuries. One shudders at the thought that America itself has a mild case of the totalitarian sniffles.

Much about China's earliest history was lost due to the book burnings of the Qin emperor. There is a great disconnect in Chinese history, a break in the intellectual continuum. It might be argued that the destruction of books is comparable to murder. The preservation of great insight and wisdom, once set down, is of inestimable value. That such a thing can be eradicated -- and has been eradicated -- shows how fragile human civilization really is.

The Qin dynasty did not last long, of course, collapsing in 206 BC. But the evils produced by Qin lived on in other dynasties. An idea, once started, has a life of its own. Like Marxism, Legalism had few followers. But the promise of absolute power is attractive to scheming psychopathic minds who often rise in rank and influence. In the late 18th century, when China's Four Libraries were constructed and the classics compiled, there were only eight Legalist volumes. Poison of this kind, however, never loses its potency. Mao Tse-tung, says Mosher, was attracted to these eight volumes.

China's ancient Legalists denounce moral platitudes as "vain talk." Legalism emphasizes results over talk. One recalls Lenin's dictum during the Russian Civil War, that one must keep shooting people until the machinery begins to move forward. This is what a Legalist would refer to as "good results versus moral sentimentality."

This same logic may one day be applied to the use of nuclear missiles. "Continue to nuke them until they submit," a future Legalist ruler might say. "Either obedience or extermination -- their choice!"

One cannot help sensing, at some level, that this is what animates China's manic development of nuclear weapons. There is the idea, somewhere in the Communist Chinese mind, that America can be gradually disarmed and neutered. Then a campaign of "straightening" the world might begin.

The Legalist School is extremely skeptical, even hostile, to human nature and morality. "I believe it is impossible to be sure of anything," wrote Han Fei Tzu, a Han prince who inspired the totalitarian ideas of the Qin dynasty in the third century BC. Han stated that there were three principles -- law, statecraft and power. No other values mattered. Han characterized conservatives and traditionalists as "stupid." He also noted, "The severe household has no fierce slaves, but it is the affectionate mother who has spoiled sons."

The wickedness of Chinese Legalism appears in its unrestrained desire to crush all human beings, since human beings are inherently wicked. According to Han, "A ruler makes use of the majority and neglects the minority, and so he does not devote himself to virtue but to law."

This is where the term "Legalism" comes from. Right and wrong do not matter. Only state power and its law matter. In keeping with this state power, people are twisted into the right shapes. Han wrote that "If we had to depend on an arrow being absolutely straight by nature, there would be no arrow in a hundred generations. If we had to depend on a piece of wood being perfectly round by nature, there would not be any wheel in a thousand generations."

The right way, the wrong way and the Army way.

According to Mosher, "Mao had steeped himself in Chinese historical classics, absorbing the frank and brutal legalist advice they offered to would-be hegemons."

Mao's real ambition was to found a new empire on naked force. "Marxism-Leninism was an enabler for the Hegemon," says Mosher. Marxism proposes the existence of a monopoly of power by an educated elite of bureaucrats. If the despotic emperors of China's past had been Confucianist on the outside, but Legalist on the inside, says Mosher, "Mao was effectively Communist on the outside, Legalist on the inside."

Mosher tells us that if you examine Mao's "Selected Works," 24 percent derive from Stalin while 22 percent derive from traditional Chinese sources. In keeping with Stalinist and Legalist thought, in little more than a half century of existence, the People's Liberation Army has invaded the Korean peninsula; bombarded and assaulted islands belonging to Taiwan; attacked without provocation India, Tibet and Vietnam; and has supported guerrilla insurgencies in Laos and Malaysia, as well as a coup in Indonesia.

The only thing that kept China in check during the 1950s and 1960s, argues Mosher, was China's economic weakness. Taking a survey of the second half of the 20th century, Mosher notes that Communist China was more likely to resort to violence in a crisis than any other state. Since 1949 China has resorted to force in 76.9 percent of existing international crises. The next closest would be Muslim states which resort to force 53.5 percent of the time. (The U.S., by comparison, resorts to force 28.5 percent of the time.)

The chief supposition of Chinese Legalism is that power politics deserves primacy over everything. Mao's dictum that "political power flows out of the barrel of a gun" is still in vogue. Mosher tell us that Mao's views have not been repudiated in China. Deng Xiaoping only clashed with Mao over economics, not politics. According to Mosher, Deng's "much-vaunted openness to the West was merely a ploy to enlist foreigners to provide the means."

The Four Modernizations of Deng are paralleled by Four Absolutes, which hold true today. These absolutes are: 1) the dictatorship of the proletariat; 2) the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party; 3) Marxism-Leninism and Mao Tse-tung thought; 4) and the "socialist road."

In accordance with the Four Absolutes, the Communist butchers in Beijing murdered thousands of student protesters over a decade ago in the Tiananmen Square massacre. About this event Communism's No. 2 man in China, Li Peng, has said: "The actions in Tiananmen Square were a good thing. We do not regard them as a tragedy."

The power of the state, and its drive for greater and greater domination in Asia and the world, is the logic of modern China. In September 1994 Beijing issued a sweeping directive: "Patriotic education shall run through the whole education process from kindergarten to university ... and must penetrate classroom teaching of all related subjects."

What is taught?

Hatred for the evil foreigner and love of "Great China"; resentment for a hundred years of humiliation, etc. According to Mosher, "what this patriotic education comprises, in broad strokes, is a kind of Chinese Mein Kampf."

Imagine if Hitler had nuclear weapons and 1.3 billion people behind him.

Modern China has the full support of Russia in its quest for global hegemony. Today more than 10,000 Russian scientists and engineers are working to build up China's means of mass destruction against America.

China's current leaders are ruthless. Their credo was carefully explained by the founder of modern China, Mao Tse-tung, who bragged about his murderous achievements during the Second Plenum of the Eight Party Congress in 1958. "Emperor Qin Shihuang was not that outstanding," scoffed Mao. "He only buried alive 460 Confucian scholars. We buried 460 thousand Confucian scholars."

Mao did not like being compared with the Qin emperor. "Some have accused us of being Emperor Qin," complained Mao. "This is not true. We are a hundred times worse than Emperor Qin."

China is building nuclear bombs and long-range missiles at an accelerating rate. China has its fingers on the Panama Canal, and her agents have corrupted our political process in Washington so that we are momentarily paralyzed in our response to this new challenge.

It is time to stop and reconsider the overall strategic situation. If a 15-year-old boy can take a gun and go berserk in an American public school, killing and wounding his classmates, why can't a major power armed with nuclear weapons also go berserk?

The logic of the individual psychopath may be no different than the logic of a gang of psychopaths.

THIEVES

Snakes in suits
Spot the true psychopath among the sharks in your office

By Giles Whittell / The Times of London

"If humanism were right in declaring that man is born to be happy, he would not be born to die. Since his body is doomed to die, his task on earth evidently must be of a more spiritual nature. It cannot be unrestrained enjoyment of everyday life. It cannot be the search for the best ways to obtain material goods and then cheerfully get the most out of them. It has to be the fulfillment of a permanent, earnest duty so that one's life journey may become an experience of moral growth, so that one may leave life a better human being than one started it" - Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

HERE ARE SOME facts: Andrew Fastow, formerly of Enron, stands accused by an American court of taking $30 million in kickbacks from the company while its shareholders lost more than $70 billion. Bernie Ebbers, formerly of WorldCom, is said to have arranged for his telecommunications firm to lend him $408 million as it slid towards bankruptcy. John Rigas, founder of the Adelphia cable TV giant, built himself a $13 million private golf course and, it is claimed, "borrowed" more than $3 billion from company accounts for his family while his shareholders saw $60 billion wiped from their investments. And here is a perfectly sober conclusion: if guilty, they are all psychopaths. Not killers. Not rapists. Not necessarily even criminals. Just cold-blooded, remorseless, egomaniacal psychopaths.

It's a tricky word. Being a psychopath is not something that ordinary people aspire to, but neither does it have to involve face-eating cannibalism. The central qualification is to show no conscience; to fail to empathize.

Fastow, Rigas and the other stars of the great corporate meltdown showed little sign of conscience before - or since - being accused by the lumbering U.S. court system, and they share other symptoms of Psychopathy. They radiated charisma and authority, but hid much about themselves and their organizations. They reveled in risk, took no account of its potential cost to others or themselves, and rose to power during a time of chaos and upheaval.

When their worlds imploded, the markets staggered in disbelief. Hundreds of thousands of employees and investors lost pensions, savings and money they could ill afford to have gambled. The bosses expressed scant regret and most of them continue to insist that they have done nothing wrong. Meanwhile, regulators, FBI agents and forensic psychologists, not to mention the fleeced American middle class, continue to scratch their heads and wonder how these apparent shysters got to where they did.

A diffident-sounding Canadian academic with a trim grey beard has an answer; possibly the answer. He first voiced it publicly to an audience of Canadian police officers in Newfoundland in August.

At the end of a talk on organized crime, Dr. Robert Hare mentioned his belief that some of the year's worst accounting scandals could have been avoided if all chief executives were screened for psychopathic tendencies. He was quoted everywhere, not so much because of the sensational implication that some of America's best-known companies had been run for most of the 1990s by people with a major mental disorder, as because of who he is.

Hare defined Psychopathy for modern scientists with an exhaustive questionnaire, sold only to clinicians, called the Psychopathy Checklist, or PCL-R. It was introduced in 1980 and has become an internationally recognized instrument for identifying psychopaths. It means that when a subject scores 30 (out of a possible 40) in a prison in Dundee, an expert in Detroit will have a good idea of his proclivities.

That's the good news. The bad news is that the PCL-R revealed that psychopaths are everywhere. Most are non-violent, but all leave a trail of havoc through their families and work environments, using and abusing colleagues and loved ones, endlessly manipulating others, constantly reinventing themselves.

Hare puts the average North American incidence of Psychopathy at one per cent of the population, but the damage they inflict on society is out of all proportion to their numbers, not least because they gravitate to high-profile professions that offer the promise of control over others, such as law, politics,

By the Hare definition there are 300,000 in Canada alone.

Despite this, spotting psychopaths is hard, though it may be about to get easier. Next year Hare and a New York-based colleague, Paul Babiak, will publish a book called Snakes in Suits: When Psychopaths Go To Work, that will at least alert the average office worker to the possibility that her amusing but exasperating - and, frankly, narcissistic and untrustworthy - colleague may be clinically psychopathic. Hare and Babiak will also produce a new diagnostic tool based on the PCL-R but designed to help businesses to keep their recruits and senior management psychopath-free.

Enter the B-Scan. It won't be available to everyone, and it won't be free. Slightly jarringly, one is reminded that its authors are businessmen as well as academics. But they insist that it will do a better job of raising warning flags than traditional screening techniques such as CVs (routinely falsified and seldom checked) and interviews and role-playing ("Psychopaths love this stuff," Hare says. "It's like a game to them.").

If you are B-Scanned, it won't be you answering the questions. It will be your colleagues, grading your personal style, interpersonal relations, organizational maturity and antisocial tendencies according to 16 buzz words, none of them uplifting. They include the following: insincere, arrogant, insensitive, remorseless, shallow, impatient, erratic, unreliable, unfocused, parasitic, dramatic, unethical and bullying.

Yikes. Who isn't most of these things, at least some of the time?

I meet Hare in a London hotel and find him used to such anxieties.

"I know, I know," he says. "People read this stuff and suddenly everyone around them is a psychopath. They pick up on three or four of the characteristics and say, 'yeah, he's one.' But it's not like that. It's a medical syndrome. You've got to have the whole package."

And when you do, what does it look like? Hare gives an example, and not just any example. He first gave it to Nicole Kidman in a private meeting requested by her to help her prepare for her memorably chilly role in Malice.

"I gave her a scene," he says. "You're walking down the street and there's been an accident. A child has been hit by a car and is lying on the ground. There's a crowd around him. The mother's kneeling down there crying and emoting. You're curious but not appalled. You look at the child momentarily and then you look at the mother. You walk towards her, step in some blood and then study the mother's facial expressions for a minute or two. Then you walk back to your apartment or hotel room, walk into the bathroom and stand in front of the mirror practicing those expressions. I said, 'If you did that, people would see that you don't understand emotion, you have no idea at all, you're a color-blind person trying to explain color.' They didn't use the scene, but they could have."

In the workplace such a person might resemble Dave, a real individual studied by Babiak who cut a swath of disruption through a highly profitable American electronics company in the mid-1990s. Dave was good-looking, well spoken and impressive in the interview that led to his recruitment. He was also a skilled and shameless liar, rude to subordinates, scheming towards his boss and quickly friendly with the firm's top management. Already on his third marriage by his mid-thirties, he was short tempered, happy to ignore assignments that he felt were beneath him, and quick to change the subject if challenged on a lie or asked to produce some real evidence of work.

When his boss summoned the courage and evidence to make a complaint to the company boss, he found that Dave had got there first and secured for himself the status of "high-potential employee."

The boss ended up sidelined. Dave ended up promoted, swaggering and "in love with himself." He scored 19 on the PCL-R, lower than you would expect for a psychopathic murderer but much higher than your average working non-psychopath. He or she would score a five at most.

People such as Dave can be spotted early. Babiak recommends checking CVs exhaustively and auditing expenses - psychopaths like to indulge. It all seems obvious, but for the past 10 or 12 years, for most of corporate America, it hasn't been.

These have been tumultuous years in the world of business, with dot-coms booming and collapsing, older firms merging or shrinking to catch up, and hierarchies everywhere flattening faster than the boss can say: 'Hey, c'mon in, my door is always open.' In short, it has been a high old time for psychopaths.

"When you see what has happened with Enron and WorldCom and all these other big corporations, and you ask how the hell could this guy get in that position, well, there are answers," Hare says.

"When the structure's not there, when charisma is extremely important and style wins over substance, and one person ends up with three or four hundred million pounds in an offshore bank account, I start to get suspicious. And when the whole thing breaks and people are losing their pensions and livelihoods, these people give nothing back.

"Many of the high-level executives now being charged knew exactly what they were doing. They had no concern for anybody else, and you have to say they aren't warm, loving guys."

Likewise in politics. "Think what happened in the former Soviet Union and the former Yugoslavia. The old rules went by the board. Structure vanished and all the ethnic tension that had been held in check by central government began to emerge. It was the perfect set-up for an opportunist, a thug or a psychopath to enter and take over."

That takeover usually has three stages. First, the psychopath identifies those who can help him and cultivates them with all his considerable charm. Then he pinpoints those who can harm him and outflanks them or stabs them in the back. Finally he makes a sycophantic but ultimately devastating beeline towards the source of power (one thinks of Hitler and Hindenburg, but also of the irrepressible Eve Harrington in All About Eve).

Psychopaths necessarily have victims, and Hare's drive to expose the "sub criminal" ones in our midst is at least partly personal. He speaks of an old college friend, now gravely ill, who lost $500,000 in a mortgage scam to a white-collar crook who got off with a $100,000 fine and a six-month trading ban. Society still labels such people rogues at worst. Hare calls them natural- born predators.

There is a difficulty approaching all this from outside academe: it can seem as if the experts are using jargon to force a thousand shades of grey - for there are surely at least that many degrees of Psychopathy - into convenient boxes for personnel managers, employment tribunals and courts.

Babiak certainly counsels caution. Being psychopathic is not a sin, let alone a ground on its own for dismissal. But underpinning the PCL-R is hard science, hard to ignore. Before he published it, Hare performed two now-famous studies which suggest that psychopaths really are different from the rest of us. In the first, subjects were told to watch a timer counting down to zero, at which point they felt a harmless but painful electric shock. Non-psychopaths showed mounting anxiety and fear. Psychopaths didn't even sweat.

In the second, the two groups had their brain activity and response time measured when asked to react to groups of letters, some forming words, some not. Words such as rape and cancer triggered mental jolts in nonpsychopaths. In psychopaths they triggered precisely nothing.

That research is decades old now. The man behind it, instead of retiring, tours the world helping to nail the psychopaths among us and trying to make sure that his instruments are not misused.

Part of his mission is to stay serious. He won't appear on Oprah, and he won't name names. Instead, when he sees someone in the news he thinks might be a psychopath, he says: "I'd sure as hell like to study this guy."

HITLER BAD, BUT FAR FROM WORST

ASK ANY WESTERNER to name the most evil figure of the past century. Almost always, the same answer comes up. Hitler. Sustained brainwashing has done its job. Der Fuhrer still towers above all rivals as modem history's greatest demon. But increasingly, research proves that we have been persuaded to fixate on the wrong dictator. History's airbrush has worked overtime on the most criminal monster of them all: Josef Stalin.

Stalin's murderous ruthlessness was, by any standard, far more horrible than Hitler's. A psychopath who modeled himself on Ivan the Terrible, Stalin instituted a reign of terror without parallel, exterminating opponents or perceived opponents by the multi-million. How many died in his murderous stranglehold? Who knows?

Only in recent years have the Russians themselves learnt just how hideous their history is. Their first glimpse of the reality came in February, 1956, when Nikita Khrushchev denounced Stalin's mass terror and unmasked the prison gulag system. That was met with widespread disbelief in the West. There can now be no doubt that Stalin, as a matter of policy, killed and killed and killed.

In 1989 the KGB set the death toll in Stalin's 26-year reign of terror (1927-53) at 36 million. But that figure included only the victims of Stalin's liquidation's of individuals and groups. Serious research began stepping up with Gorbachev's policy of glasnost. Norman Davis, in his celebrated History of Europe suggested a figure of 54 million. The University of Moscow, in association with the University of Madrid, put the figure at 57 million.

Those figures are ten to 15 times higher than the numbers allegedly killed the Fuhrer look like an amateur. Such imposed on countless millions simply freezes belief. It represents the most appalling terror ever inflicted, rivaled only by Mao's China and Pol Pot's Cambodia. Only under a regime which deliberately allowed the extermination of millions of its own citizens could such unimaginable figures be achieved.

On one day alone, December 8, 1938, Stalin signed 30 death lists, containing thousands of names. He then went to the Kremlin cinema to watch a comedy called Happy Guys. It is this viper's ghost that should worry us rather than Hitler's. Yet no Nuremberg trials have ever been conducted into Soviet barbarities. There have never been any Soviet war crimes trials. Yet in the sick and insane world we inhabit. Nazi war criminals are still being hunted down, though now most are 80 or 90 years old.

As for Stalin's victims, who is interested? They are so much dust blowing in the Siberian winds. No Spielberg conjures them to life. There are many reasons why Stalin's Great Terror remains the most underreported event of the 20th Century. First, Hitler lost, Stalin - ally of the West - won. Stalin knew he was a mass murderer but believed (correctly) that he could get away with it. As he told Mao Tse-tung when the Red Chinese leader, visited Moscow in 1949: "Victors are not judged" Perhaps the whole of modern history is summed up in those four words.

There are other factors. Unrelenting propaganda has built up the Holocaust as the pre-eminent human tragedy of modern times. Jewish groups insist we never forget the Holocaust. Counterclaims that might detract from their Holocaust are actively discouraged, as was demonstrated in the recent David Irving trial.

Many anti-Stalinists knew, and published, the truth: men such as Malcolm Muggeridge, George Orwell, Arthur Koestler. But their reports were overwhelmed from the start by the pro-Stalinists. Way back in the mid 1930s the father of all fellow travelers, George Bernard Shaw, dismissed reports of a Moscow-engineered famine killing millions as "pure invention." Shaw knew better, of course. Stalin had given him the details.

As he did to New York Times correspondent Walter Duranty, a prince of liars who gained the Pulitzer Prize for his fictional accounts of Stalin's "new civilization" and of "the great Soviet miracle". Duranty played a key role in perpetrating one of the greatest cover-ups in history.

Western illusions did not stop there. Bizarre as it now seems, many at the highest level, up to and including Franklin Delano Roosevelt, revered Stalin and were consciously partisan in their support of this thug. Further, in an astounding example of mankind's infinite capacity for self-deception, millions of Western intellectuals, academics, communists, socialists, liberals, fellow travelers, trade unionists, journalists and clergy forcefully rejected reports of mass atrocities in the old USSR and in China, just as they did later of events in Cuba and Cambodia.

The truth is that vast numbers in the West worshipped Stalin as almost a demigod, nursed an almost religious faith that the USSR represented the great new hope of all mankind. Stalin fondly referred to such useful idiots as his "maggots."

Above all, till quite recently we have had little real access to communist archives. Even today the most sensitive are still closed. So we still do not know the full answers: Was it one tenth or one-twentieth of the entire adult Soviet population who served time in Stalin's prison camps? Did 3 million die in the Gulag, or was the figure closer to ten? We may never know: but the effort to break through the Great Amnesia is picking up speed.

Till the late 1980s, hardly anyone but local villagers knew where the bones were buried. For the past 13 years the Russians have been slowly recovering their past, with new mass graves being uncovered at regular intervals. And, as soon as the existence of the first Stalinist mass graves were made known, people began to come. In one, Kolyma, the huge prison complex in the Russian Arctic, so many bones lay around that in the summer children used the skulls to gather blueberries. Now the memorials are being built.

The misery came early. In Russia, uniquely, there exists hardly any memory of the 1914-18 War, such a watershed for the rest of Europe. There exist no Soviet national monuments to WWI. The reason is simple. In the civil wars which followed the revolution of 1917 and brought the Bolsheviks to power, between nine and 14 million Russians died: starving, cold, racked with disease, or tortured and killed in bitter fighting.

Next came the Ukraine. Robert Conquest in his Harvest of Sorrow suggests that when, on Stalin's direct orders, the entire grain crop of the Ukraine was seized for export, the number of resulting deaths was probably about 1.5 million, equaling the total dead of WWl.

We will now turn to a brilliant but deeply disturbing new book by a young British historian, 'Night of Stone: Death & Memory in Russia' by Catherine Merridale, published by Granta. Dr Merridale is one of a growing army of scientists dedicated to uncovering the truth about Soviet-era crimes, the legacy of Josef Stalin and the society he created.

She spent two years in Russia and the Ukraine, researching documents from the Stalinist era only now coming to light: and talking to ordinary Russians about what it is like to live in a country haunted by the all-pervasive presence of death. Her book, an excellent work of scholarship, attempts to explain how the Russian people lived through some of the greatest horrors of a singularly bloody 20th century: and how, at long last, they are coming to terms with their shocking past and themselves.

Merridale does not attempt to put a precise figure on how many Russians lives were lost to violence between 1914 and Stalin's death in 1953, but suggests a total well in excess of 50 million. All of it planned.

Epidemics of flu and cholera, and the 1921-22 famines in grain-producing areas of southern Russia, killed many millions. People ate earth, grass, carrion and human flesh. In some districts, in the winter of 1921, local officials had to ban the sale of processed meat to stop the trade in human flesh.

Stalin's own signature is on thousands of death warrants. Millions more were denounced as enemies of the state for no other reason than they wished to think for themselves. Crematoria, with which the state had been experimenting since Lenin's time, were now running more efficiently. The bodies arrived in batches, accompanied by stamped forms in triplicate.

"They were such handsome men," one crematorium worker told Dr Merridale. "Some of them were still warm. Some of them were not even dead when we threw them into the furnace....."

The death rate in the gulags peaked in 1942-3. Without doubt, the brutalization of millions of Russians over the previous quarter century contributed to the grim reputation of the Red Army in WW2. Soldiers were treated like livestock. At Stalingrad, there was no one left to dig the graves.

At last came victory in the Great Patriotic War, as it was known, the only occasion for real celebrations that many of those Merridale interviewed, had known in all their lives. After Stalin's death in 1953, the repression gradually eased. "A human being survives only by his ability to forget," wrote a survivor of the Kolyma Gulag In recent years; many of the anonymous Gulag death camps have quietly disappeared.

Stalin himself spelt it out. His Short Course Into The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union contains references to the liquidation of his political opponents. He wrote: "The Soviet Government had only to raise its little finger for them to vanish without trace." How true.

For an intelligent person today to be ignorant of the manner of Soviet rule can only be seen as an act of willful political bias. The whole record of the terrible era is one of naked human power and inhuman cruelty. It is a sad fact that many in South Africa's present ruling ANC/SACP glory in their self-designation as "Stalinists".

There is little danger of the world ever running out of imbeciles.

[END]

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Thought for the Day:

"A single death is a tragedy. A million deaths are a statistic."

(Joseph Stalin)

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